The young or embryo=
of an
animal in the womb, or in the egg; often restricted to the later stages in
the development of viviparous and oviparous animals, embryo being applied=
to
the earlier stages.
Is the fetus consid=
ered a
“person”
What will the punis=
hments be?
Will the mothers be=
monitored?
Taken to court?
What can be categor=
ized as
harmful?
Various activities,=
both
intentional and unintentional are able to cause harm
(and other anti-in=
flammatory
drugs) can result in premature labor
Diabetes
Mothers who need t=
o take
insulin injections are more likely to have a baby with major birth
defects.Diet should be carefully
monitored to avoid or limit insulin use.
Epilepsy
Anti-convulsant dr=
ugs used to
control epileptic seizures can cause cleft palate, abnormal facial
development, deformed organs and mental retardation.
Cancer
Prescriptions used=
to combat
ovarian and breast cancer cause birth defects (stunted growth, cleft pala=
te,
spinal defects and mental retardation) because of their inhibiting effect=
s on
cell growth, but discontinuing use of the medication abandons the mother =
to
the ravages of the cancer.
Antibiotics<=
/td>
Drugs used to figh=
t infection
can harm developing babies by causing yellowed teeth, soft tooth enamel a=
nd
damage to the inner ear.
Benzodiazepines (sl=
eeping
pills)
can cause difficul=
ty nursing
and months of limpness
Accutane
a drug used to tre=
at acne, can
cause severe permanent birth defects
Use of marijuana d=
uring
pregnancy may cause behavioral problems for babies.
Amphetamines=
Amphetamines reduc=
e the baby’s
oxygen intake and can cause miscarriage and premature labor
Cocaine
Addiction can be p=
assed from
mother to child, and cocaine increases the risk of premature birth, and
problems with the development of the child’s genitals, kidneys and brain.=
Heroin
In addition to bei=
ng born
addicted to the drug and even suffering withdrawal symptoms in the womb, =
the
child of a heroin user is at risk for premature labor, various infections,
and breathing problems.
Three states, Minne=
sota,
Wisconsin and South Dakota, have specifically amended their laws to autho=
rize
civil commitment or detention of a woman who has used a controlled substa=
nce
during pregnancy.
According to some r=
esearchers,
up to 12,000 infants are born in the United States with Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome
Total cost to the e=
conomy of
FAS was approximately $2,500,000,000 in 1995, and over a lifetime, health
care costs for one Fetal Alcohol Syndrome child are estimated to be at le=
ast
$1,400,000;
Approximately 1 out=
of every 5
pregnant women drink alcohol during their pregnancy
In 1987, George Was=
hington
University Hospital administrators obtained court permission to force a
c-section on Angela Carder, a pregnant cancer patient, who along with her
premature baby died from the procedure. The D.C. Court of Appeals repealed
the decision by concluding that “in virtually all circumstances the woman=
--
not the doctors or a judge – should make medical decisions on behalf of
herself and her fetus.”
In the Johnson v. S=
tate case of
1989, Florida Supreme Court declared that “Prosecuting women for using dr=
ugs
and "delivering" them to their newborns appears to be the least
effective response to this crisis….pregnant women who are substance abuse=
rs
may simply avoid prenatal or medical care for fear of being detected.”
In Barker v. State =
of 1997, a
court overturned manslaughter and child endangerment charges against Laur=
ie
Barker, whose baby died soon after birth due to an "acute drug react=
ion
to cocaine.” A woman’s prenatal conduct cannot be punished due to privacy
infringement.
In Stallman v. Youn=
gquist of
1988, Illinois Supreme Court declared, “Holding a mother liable for
the…infliction of prenatal injuries subjects to scrutiny all the decision=
s a
woman must make in carrying a pregnancy to term, and infringes on her rig=
ht
to privacy and bodily autonomy.”
When courts compel =
pregnant
women to accept unwanted medical treatment, they can actually harm -- rat=
her
than help -- fetuses by giving women cause to shun medical care altogethe=
r.
In a 1990 study in =
the New
England Journal of Medicine found that about 15% of both pregnant white a=
nd
African-American women used drugs. The African-American women, however, w=
ere
10 times as likely as the white women to be reported to the authorities a=
nd
poor women were more likely to be reported than middle-class women.
In 1989, 54% of dru=
g treatment
programs in NYC refused treatment of pregnant women, and 67% refused preg=
nant
women on Medicaid
Amendment XIV: No S=
tate shall
enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges of U.S. citizens; nor
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without=
due
process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws.
Pregnancy cannot be=
a status
that affects the treatment of a woman.
For example, drinki=
ng alcohol
while pregnant, though detrimental to the fetus, cannot be punished due t=
o a
woman’s right to privacy.
Parents are require=
d to be
licensed to raise their own children as well as other children.
Requirements for li=
censing
include weekly classes and educational sessions before licensing as well =
as
periodical sessions to retain license.
Educational session=
s include
those on planned parenthood, how to discipline children, and what we are
interested in– how a fetus is affected during pregnancy.
Parents or future p=
arents who
are not licensed may either (A) Not be able to claim the child(ren) as a
dependent on tax forms or (B) Have to put the child(ren) up for adoption =
or
into a foster home.
Mothers are given i=
ncentives to
register that they are pregnant. They
receive some benefits in exchange for attending educational classes.
Benefits:
Temporary handicapp=
ed permit
Temporary no sales =
tax on
baby-related purchases
Fetus as dependent =
in regards
to taxes
6 to 10 weekly, hou=
r-long
educational sessions on planned parenthood, child education and drug-rela=
ted
birth defects.
Employers are manda=
ted (and can
be reimbursed for, depending on implementation) to allow these pregnant w=
omen
to attend weekly educational sessions.
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/pres.xml
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8"
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0001.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
Th=
e young or
embryo of an animal in the womb, or in the egg; often
res=
tricted to the
later stages in the development of viviparous and
ovi=
parous
animals, embryo being applied to the earlier stages.
•<=
/font>
Is =
the fetus
considered a “person”
•<=
/font>
Wha=
t will the
punishments be?
•<=
/font>
Wil=
l the mothers
be monitored? Taken to court?
•<=
/font>
Wh=
at can be
categorized as harmful?
•<=
/font>
Va=
rious
activities, both intentional and unintentional are able to cause=
harm=
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image005.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhBgALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAQAE
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIIRGKQisuNDigAOy==
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0004.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
As=
you will soon
see many actions can “harm” a baby.
Whe=
re will the
line be drawn?
•<=
/font>
Fin=
ding an
appropriate punishment
–<=
/font>
jai=
l, taking away
the baby, monitoring, etc.
•<=
/font>
Vio=
lation of
privacy
•<=
/font>
A =
successful,
constitutional system must be
crea=
ted
–<=
/font>
Wil=
l all pregnant
women be monitored? Tested?
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image006.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhBgALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAQAE
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIIRG5gGNr+GioAOy==
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0006.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
Cons Continued
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
Wom=
en who may
have otherwise sought
med=
ical attention
may fear punishment
•<=
/font>
Scr=
eening,
testing, and monitoring woman
is c=
ostly.
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image007.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhBgALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAQAE
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIIRGJgh7h64CsAOy==
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0007.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Birth Defects
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
In =
the United
States, 1 in 33 babies is born with some kind
of =
birth defect.
Onl=
y 25 % of
these cases have a cause that can be
det=
ermined with
certainty.
Bir=
th defects are
caused by both genetic and environmental
factors
Wor=
d of the Day:
ter=
atogenic– causing malformations of a develo=
ping
fetus.
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image008.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhBgALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAQAE
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIIjAOJsKzpHigAOy==
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0009.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Nutrition
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
Folic acid – a water soluble B vita=
min
A d=
eficiency can
cause defects in spine or
bra=
in development
spina bifida (spine defects)=
anencephaly (brain defects)<=
br>
Vit=
amins A and D
=
Too much
of a good thing…
=
Potentially
toxic at higher than recommended
dai=
ly doses, such
as in a dietary supplement
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image009.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhBgALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAQAE
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIIRGJgmJerkCsAOy==
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0010.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Dangerous
Activities?
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
A n=
ice, hot bath…
or a sauna, tanning, or strenuous
exercise in hot weather can raise
a =
pregnant
woman’s temperature enough to cause birth defects in
early pregnancy=
.
Cle=
aning Fluffy’s
litter box…
puts a woman at risk for Toxoplasmo=
sis,
which can cause
de=
formities of
the brain, liver, and spleen, and can be transmitted
thr=
ough cat
feces.
Ind=
ulging sushi
cravings…
<=
/span>is
also a bad idea, as Toxoplasmosis can also be transmitted
thr=
ough raw or
undercooked meat and seafood.
X-r=
ays,
Chemicals, etc…
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image010.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhBgALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAQAE
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIIRGJguIp3XCsAOy==
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0011.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
Use of marijuana during pregnancy m=
ay
cause behavioral problems for
babi=
es.
Amp=
hetamines
Amphetamines reduce the baby’s oxyg=
en
intake and can cause
mis=
carriage and
premature labor
Coca=
ine
Addiction can be passed from mother=
to
child, and cocaine increases the
ri=
sk of
premature birth, and problems with the development of the child’s
gen=
itals, kidneys
and brain.
Hero=
in
In addition to being born addicted =
to the
drug and even suffering withdrawal
sy=
mptoms in the
womb, the child of a heroin user is at risk for premature
lab=
or, various
infections, and breathing problems.
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image013.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAIAAQAH
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAINRIAWh2v5WHvpyAhDAQA7
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0017.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
Eff=
ects of
Smoking While Pregnant
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
v
Smoking
has been associated with a number of pregnancy complications.
Smoking
early in pregnancy appears to increase a woman’s risk of having an ecto=
pic
pregnancy.
v
Cigarette
smoking also appears to double a woman’s risk of developing placental
complications
(which occur in about 1 percent of pregnancies).
v
Smoking
nearly doubles a woman’s risk of having a low-birthweight baby. L=
ow-
birthweight
babies, who weigh less than 5 1/2 pounds at birth, face an increased ri=
sk
of
serious health problems during the newborn period, chronic disabilities
(such as
cerebral
palsy, mental retardation and learning problems) and even death.=
v
Recent
studies suggest that smoking also may contribute to certain birth defec=
ts.
One
study found that women who smoked in the early months of pregnancy were=
34
percent
more likely than non-smoking mothers to have a baby with a foot deformi=
ty
called
club foot.
v
Due
to the fact that that nicotine is more addictive than heroin or cocaine=
, a
newborn’s
first challenge will be overcoming nicotine withdrawl and chemical
detox.
v
Mothers
who smoke during pregnancy are three times more likely to have a=
Sudden
Infant Death Syndrome baby.
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image014.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAIAAQAI
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAINRIBxmn3ooGnwvUmVKgA7
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0014.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
Effects of Drinking While Pregnant
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
v
The
consumption of alcohol during pregnancy is one of the leading
preventable
causes of birth defects and childhood disabilities in the
United
States.
v
After
conception, between weeks 4-8, a transitory period from the
embryonic
to the fetal stage is important as that is a time of great
vulnerability
to the toxic effects of alcohol.
v
Alcohol
also affects the pre-embryonic or blastocyst stage resulting
in
delayed implantation and structural changes.Functional deficits
such
as damage to the CNS are usually produced at levels of alcohol
exposure
lower than those which would cause structural changes.
v
Therefore although FAS is found at t=
he
adverse end of the
continuum
of alcohol effects, the progression of its symptoms can
begin
at any point in the course of prenatal development. Its effects<=
br>
linger
postnatally and are for the most part, irreversible.
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image015.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAIAAQAI
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAINRIBxmn3ooGlyUZtOAQA7
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0015.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
Each
trimester of pregnancy marks a stage of fetal development. In the embry=
onic
stage:
the third postconception week of human pregnancy is considered the crit=
ical
period
for teratogenic actions of alcohol to produce the most severe and
characteristic
features
of FAS.
v
The
nervous system develops in the first 8 weeks, making the most damaging<=
/font>
effects
result in this period. Although damage to the brain may occur in the la=
st
trimester
as well, vulnerability to brain damage is highest at 15-25 days. The CN=
S,
heart,
eyes, legs, arms, teeth, ears, palate, external genitalia are vulnerabl=
e to
alcohol
in the
first trimester.
v
A key
factor in determining severity of FAS effects may be peak BAC during th=
e
third
trimester when it is a critical period for brain development.
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image019.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAIAAQAI
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIORIChitZnmJsHPppmBAUAOw==
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0019.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
Thr=
ee states,
Minnesota, Wisconsin and
Sou=
th Dakota,
have specifically amended
the=
ir laws to
authorize civil commitment or
det=
ention of a
woman who has used a
con=
trolled
substance during pregnancy.
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image020.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAIAAQAI
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIORIBxmn3GTJOvyrsQBAUAOw==
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0036.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Cost and
Frequency
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
•
According
to some researchers, up to 12,000 infants are
born
in the United States with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
•
Total
cost to the economy of FAS was approximately
$2,500,000,000
in 1995, and over a lifetime, health care
costs
for one Fetal Alcohol Syndrome child are estimated
to
be at least $1,400,000;
•
Approximately
1 out of every 5 pregnant women drink
alcohol
during their pregnancy
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image021.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAIAAQAI
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAINRGChin3nEJS0mmhhAQA7
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0037.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
L=
aws
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
Un=
funded S1875
(1998) establishes FAS
pr=
evention and
education program targeting
me=
dical, social
services, secondary education
pers=
onnel.
•<=
/font>
Wis=
consin
‘cocaine mom law’
–<=
/font>
Res=
ponse to
judicial decision
–<=
/font>
Po=
lice have
authority to detain pregnant substance
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image024.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAJ
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIORAJ5puyMXJxNvnlWBgUAOw==
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0020.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Legal
Precedents
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
In =
1987, George
Washington University Hospital administrators
ob=
tained court
permission to force a c-section on Angela Carder, a
pr=
egnant cancer
patient, who along with her premature baby died from
th=
e procedure.
The D.C. Court of Appeals repealed the decision by
co=
ncluding that
“in virtually all circumstances the woman -- not the
doc=
tors or a
judge – should make medical decisions on behalf of
her=
self and her
fetus.”
•<=
/font>
In=
the Johnson
v. State case of 1989, Florida Supreme Court declared
th=
at
“Prosecuting women for using drugs and "delivering" them to t=
heir
new=
borns appears
to be the least effective response to this
cri=
sis….pregnant
women who are substance abusers may simply
avo=
id prenatal or
medical care for fear of being detected.”
•<=
/font>
In=
Barker v.
State of 1997, a court overturned manslaughter and child
en=
dangerment
charges against Laurie Barker, whose baby died soon
aft=
er birth due
to an "acute drug reaction to cocaine.” A woman’s
pr=
enatal conduct
cannot be punished due to privacy infringement.
•<=
/font>
In=
Stallman
v. Youngquist of 1988, Illinois Supreme Court declared,
“Holding a moth=
er liable
for the…infliction of prenatal injuries subjects
to =
scrutiny all
the decisions a woman must make in carrying a
pr=
egnancy to
term, and infringes on her right to privacy and bodily
auto=
nomy.”
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0020_background.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif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------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0021.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Practical
constraints
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
Wh=
en courts
compel pregnant women to accept unwanted medical treatment,
th=
ey can
actually harm -- rather than help -- fetuses by giving women cause to
shu=
n medical care
altogether.
•<=
/font>
In=
a 1990 study
in the New England Journal of Medicine found that about 15%
of=
both pregnant
white and African-American women used drugs. The African-
Am=
erican women,
however, were 10 times as likely as the white women to be
re=
ported to the
authorities and poor women were more likely to be reported
tha=
n middle-class
women.
•<=
/font>
In=
1989, 54% of
drug treatment programs in NYC refused treatment of
pre=
gnant women,
and 67% refused pregnant women on Medicaid
•<=
/font>
Amendment XIV:
No State shall enforce any law which shall abridge the
privileges
of U.S. citizens; nor shall any State deprive any person of life,
liberty,
or=
property,
without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its
jur=
isdiction the equal
protection of the laws.
–<=
/font>
Pre=
gnancy cannot
be a status that affects the treatment of a woman.
–<=
/font>
Fo=
r example,
drinking alcohol while pregnant, though detrimental to the
fet=
us, cannot be
punished due to a woman’s right to privacy.
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image025.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAJ
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIORAJ5puzvUHqyQXlWDgUAOw==
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0022.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
=
=
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
At =
least 200
women from more than 30 states
hav=
e been charged
for their alleged use of
dru=
gs or other
actions during pregnancy.
•<=
/font>
Mos=
t have been
low-income women of color,
des=
pite the
similar drug use among races and
clas=
s lines.
•<=
/font>
Dru=
g use
information given to the police have
be=
en provided by
medical personnel - possibly
in =
violation of
confidentiality.
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image026.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAJ
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIPRAJ5puzvUHpyoiqPVqgAADs=
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0023.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Why would
legislation be a bad thing?
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
$ =
towards
testing for substance use during pregnancy could be
be=
tter spent on
prenatal and postnatal care
•<=
/font>
In=
fringement of
privacy and bodily autonomy
–<=
/font>
al=
l the
decisions made during pregnancy would come under
scru=
tiny
•<=
/font>
Wo=
men would
conceal their actions; appropriate healthcare
tr=
eatment could
not be established, endangering the lives of the
fet=
us and the
mother.
•<=
/font>
Vio=
lation of
Amendment rights
•<=
/font>
Vi=
olation of due
process, which states that laws may not be
app=
lied in an unforeseeable
manner
•<=
/font>
Inc=
rease in
abortion rates
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image027.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAK
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIRRAKZiKannGuyUXsgfSZHVAAAOw==
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0024.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•
“Punishing Women for their Behavior During Pregnan=
cy.”
<=
;http://www.crlp.org/pub_bp_punwom.html>
•
“Coercive and Punitive Governmental Responses to W=
omen’s=
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image028.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAJ
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIORAJ5p529HjJuSlrXZAUAOw==
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0025.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Manslaughter
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
PROS=
:
–<=
/font>
Mos=
t discouraging
to alcohol/drug use
–<=
/font>
Can=
save the most
fetal lives
•<=
/font>
CONS=
:
–<=
/font>
Les=
s doctor
visitation
–<=
/font>
Mor=
e abortions
–<=
/font>
Vio=
lates women’s
freedoms
–<=
/font>
Det=
ermination of
miscarriage
–<=
/font>
Inn=
ocent women
may be convicted
–<=
/font>
Se=
parates
current children from mother
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image029.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAJ
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIORAJ5pux8UHOyNkljRQUAOw==
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0026.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Child Abuse
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
PROS=
:
–<=
/font>
Ver=
y discouraging
to alcohol/drug use
–<=
/font>
Can=
save many
fetal lives
•<=
/font>
CONS=
:
–<=
/font>
Les=
s doctor
visitation
–<=
/font>
Mor=
e abortions
–<=
/font>
Vio=
lates women’s
freedoms
–<=
/font>
De=
termination of
miscarriage/birth defects
–<=
/font>
Inn=
ocent women
may be convicted
–<=
/font>
Se=
parates
current children from mother
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image030.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAJ
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIPRAJ2l5j2HGxvWinncq4AADs=
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0027.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Mandatory
Birth Control
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
PROS=
:
–<=
/font>
Ve=
ry
discouraging to alcohol/drug use
–<=
/font>
Can=
save many
fetal lives
–<=
/font>
Pr=
events another
affected child to be born for 3 years
–<=
/font>
Ti=
me to focus on
future motherhood or currently-
affe=
cted child
–<=
/font>
No =
criminal
charges
•<=
/font>
CONS=
:
–<=
/font>
Vio=
lates women’s
freedoms
–<=
/font>
De=
termination of
miscarriage/birth defects
–<=
/font>
Inn=
ocent women
may be convicted
–<=
/font>
High=
cost
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image031.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAJ
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIPRAJ5puyMXDQz2mfPoqAAADs=
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0028.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
“Pregnancy Mi=
sconduct”
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
PROS=
:
–<=
/font>
Dis=
couraging to
alcohol/drug use
–<=
/font>
Can=
save fetal
lives
•<=
/font>
CONS=
:
–<=
/font>
Det=
ermination of
miscarriage/birth defects
–<=
/font>
Inn=
ocent women
may be convicted
–<=
/font>
Fin=
es or
community service for mother that needs time
and=
money raising
a child with birth defects
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image032.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAJ
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIPRAJ5puyMXJxNrSjPMqgAADs=
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0029.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
No Alcohol or
Tobacco Sales
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
PROS=
:
–<=
/font>
Dis=
couraging to
alcohol/drug use
–<=
/font>
Can=
save fetal
lives
–<=
/font>
Pr=
events direct
purchase of harmful substances
–<=
/font>
No =
criminal
charges
–<=
/font>
Che=
ap to
implement
•<=
/font>
CONS=
:
–<=
/font>
Uns=
ure pregnancy
status
–<=
/font>
Ind=
irect
purchases
–<=
/font>
Un=
fair profiling
violates women’s freedoms
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image033.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAJ
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAINRAJ5puyMXJwJKornKgA7
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0030.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Child
Licensing: Background
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
Par=
ents are
required to be licensed to raise their own
chi=
ldren as well
as other children.
•<=
/font>
Req=
uirements for
licensing include weekly classes and
edu=
cational
sessions before licensing as well as
per=
iodical
sessions to retain license.
•<=
/font>
Edu=
cational
sessions include those on planned
pa=
renthood, how
to discipline children, and what we are
int=
erested in–
how a fetus is affected during pregnancy.
•<=
/font>
Pa=
rents or
future parents who are not licensed may either
(A=
) Not be able
to claim the child(ren) as a dependent on
ta=
x forms or (B)
Have to put the child(ren) up for adoption
or =
into a foster
home.
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image034.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAI
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAINRAJpaHnKmnQQsogeLAA7
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0031.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Child
Licensing
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
PROS=
:
–<=
/font>
Tra=
ined and
well-educated parents
–<=
/font>
Fu=
ture parents
make more smart choices
–<=
/font>
Red=
uces
alcohol/drug use
–<=
/font>
Can=
save fetal
lives
•<=
/font>
CONS=
:
–<=
/font>
Sev=
erely violates
parental freedoms
–<=
/font>
Ext=
remely high
cost
–<=
/font>
Ma=
ny adoptions
or foster home children
–<=
/font>
Can=
separate
child from parents
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image035.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAJ
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIPRAJ5puzvUIKSyTuXOaEAADs=
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0032.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Pregnancy
Registry: Background
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
=
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
Mo=
thers are
given incentives to register that they are
pr=
egnant.They receive some benefits in excha=
nge
for
att=
ending
educational classes.
•<=
/font>
B=
enefits:
–<=
/font>
Tem=
porary
handicapped permit
–<=
/font>
Te=
mporary no
sales tax on baby-related purchases
–<=
/font>
Fet=
us as
dependent in regards to taxes
•<=
/font>
6 =
to 10 weekly,
hour-long educational sessions on
pl=
anned
parenthood, child education and drug-related
birt=
h defects.
•<=
/font>
Em=
ployers are
mandated (and can be reimbursed for,
de=
pending on
implementation) to allow these pregnant
wo=
men to attend
weekly educational sessions.
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0032_background.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif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------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0033.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Pregnancy
Registry
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
PROS=
:
–<=
/font>
Wel=
l-educated
mothers
–<=
/font>
Red=
uces
alcohol/drug use
–<=
/font>
Can=
save fetal
lives
–<=
/font>
Mo=
thers may
raise child in a better way
–<=
/font>
Not=
mandatory or
intrusive
•<=
/font>
CONS=
:
–<=
/font>
High=
cost
–<=
/font>
Sys=
tem can be
abused
–<=
/font>
Vi=
olates
employer’s rights if no reimbursement
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image036.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAK
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIQRAKZiKannGuy0Xnyiva6AgA7
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0034.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Advertised
Voluntary Classes
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
PROS=
:
–<=
/font>
Wel=
l-educated
mothers
–<=
/font>
Red=
uces
alcohol/drug use
–<=
/font>
Can=
save fetal
lives
–<=
/font>
Mot=
hers may raise
child in a better way
–<=
/font>
Not=
mandatory or
intrusive
•<=
/font>
CONS=
:
–<=
/font>
High=
cost
–<=
/font>
Ma=
y not reach
out to as many future mothers
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image037.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAJ
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIPRAJ5p529HjKOyomwmRsUADs=
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0035.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
=
Pamphlets
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
<=
/td>
•<=
/font>
PROS=
:
–<=
/font>
Wel=
l-educated
mothers
–<=
/font>
Red=
uces
alcohol/drug use
–<=
/font>
Can=
save fetal
lives
–<=
/font>
Lea=
st intrusive
–<=
/font>
Lowe=
r cost
•<=
/font>
CONS=
:
–<=
/font>
Ma=
y reach out to
the least amount of future mothers
–<=
/font>
May=
be
ineffective
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_master03_image038.gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: image/gif
R0lGODlhDAALAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAEAAQAJ
AAcAgAAAAAAAAAIPRAJ5pux8UHMSKomwqasAADs=
------=_NextPart_01C463FE.EF7287C0
Content-Location: file:///C:/2EC94422/EthicsPresentation_B_files/v3_slide0013.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"
Should Pregnant Women be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
<=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:6.89%;left:-1.87%;width:88.95%;height:8.37%=
'>Should Pregnant=
Women
be Punished for behavior that could harm their
fetus?
![3D"Collapse](3D"v3_outline_collapse.gif")
![](3D"v3_space.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0001_image001.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image004.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image005.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image006.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image007.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image008.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image009.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image010.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image013.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image015.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0015_image017.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image018.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image019.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image020.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image021.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image022.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image023.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image024.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image025.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image026.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image027.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image028.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image029.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image030.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image031.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image032.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image033.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image035.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image036.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image037.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image038.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0013_image039.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image040.gif")
![](3D"v3_slide0040_image041.gif")
![](3D"v3_master03_image042.gif")
![](3D"slide0001_image046.gif")
![](3D"slide0001_image048.gif")
![](3D"slide0002_image050.gif")